China’s Growing Fusion Program Raises Concerns Over Nuclear Capabilities

A new research facility under construction in China’s Sichuan province is drawing attention for its potential role in nuclear advancements. Satellite images of the site in Mianyang reveal a massive structure designed for laser fusion experiments, a method that can be applied to both clean energy development and nuclear weapons research.

The facility, significantly larger than its U.S. counterpart, the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in California, includes a central experiment chamber surrounded by multiple laser bays. Experts believe it could allow China to refine nuclear technology without conducting full-scale explosive tests.

William Alberque, a nuclear policy expert, pointed out that any country with a facility of this scale would likely use it to enhance confidence in weapons designs while avoiding international restrictions. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty prohibits full nuclear detonations, but laser fusion research remains legal, allowing China to continue advancing its nuclear capabilities.

China has aggressively invested in nuclear fusion research, spending roughly $1.5 billion a year — far more than the U.S. budget for similar studies. The country’s Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), often called the “artificial sun,” has made significant progress, recently achieving a record-breaking plasma reaction lasting more than 1,000 seconds.

Meanwhile, U.S. defense officials continue to express concern over China’s rapidly expanding nuclear arsenal. The Pentagon’s latest report estimated that the number of operational warheads has risen above 600, an increase of more than 100 in a single year. Officials warn that this buildup enables China to target more locations across the U.S. and its allies.

Mianyang has long been associated with China’s nuclear and military research. The new fusion site is the latest indication that Beijing remains committed to pushing the boundaries of nuclear technology, whether for civilian energy production or military use.